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Historical capitals of China

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This is a list of historical capitals of China.

Four Great Ancient Capitals

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There are traditionally four major historical capitals of China referred to as the "Four Great Ancient Capitals of China" (simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都; traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; pinyin: Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔ Dū). The four are Beijing, Nanjing, Luoyang and Xi'an (Chang'an).[1]

List of historical capitals of China

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Plot of major historical capitals of China prior to the 20th century
Sorted in alphabetical order
  • Acheng District of the city of Harbin was the capital of the Jin dynasty from 1115 to 1153. It was called Shangjing (上京; Shàngjīng; 'Upper Capital') or Huining Prefecture at the time. It was destroyed in 1157 and reestablished as a secondary capital in 1173.
  • Anyang was the capital of the Shang dynasty (1600 BC – 1046 BC) at its peak. It was called Yin (; Yīn) by the Zhou.
  • Balasagun in modern Kyrgyzstan was the capital of the Western Liao dynasty from 1134 to 1218.
  • Beijing (also romanized Peking), literally meaning "Northern Capital", previously also known as Beiping, was the capital of various dynasties and regional regimes, including:
  • The state of Yan (11th century BC – 222 BC) in the Zhou dynasty, when it was called Ji (; ; ).
  • The short-lived regional kingdom of Yan (911–914) established by Liu Shouguang during Five Dynasties period.
  • The Liao dynasty (907–1125), when it was a secondary capital called Yanjing (燕京; Yānjīng; 'Capital of Yan'). (Liao Lang is used as another name for Dadu during Yuan dynasty. The city is called Nanjing (南京, not to be confused with city in Jiangsu) in Liao dynasty due to the southerly location.)
  • The Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, from the 1160s to 1215, when it was called Zhongdu ("Central Capital").
  • The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), when it was called Dadu (大都; Dàdū; 'Great Capital') in Chinese,[2] Daidu (direct translation from Chinese) in Mongolian, and Khanbaliq ("city of the Khan") in Altaic, Mongolian and Turkic languages. Marco Polo called it Cambuluc.
  • The Ming dynasty, from 1403 to 1644, when it was called Shuntian Prefecture (顺天府; 順天府; Shùntiān Fǔ) and then later simply as Jingshi (京师; 京師; Jīngshī; 'Capital').
  • The Qing dynasty, from 1644 to 1912.
  • The Beiyang government of the Republic of China, from 1912 to 1927.
  • The People's Republic of China since 1949.
  • Changchun was the capital of Japanese puppet state Manchukuo during the Japanese occupation in WWII, then named Xinjing (新京; Japanese: Shinkyō, Mandarin: Xīnjīng, literally "New Capital").
  • Chengde was the summer residence and capital of the Qing dynasty from 1703 to 1820.[3]
  • Chengdu was the capital city of various regional kingdoms in ancient China:
  • Nanjing (also romanized Nanking), literally meaning "Southern Capital", was the capital of various dynasties and governments, including:
  • All the Six Dynasties from AD 220 to 589, when Nanjing was called Jianye (建業; Jiànyè) or Jiankang (建康; Jiànkāng). The Six Dynasties were:

Chronology

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Dynasty / Government Capital Period Notes
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Nüwa
Youchao
Suiren
Zhurong
Fuxi Chen
c. 2852–2737 BC
Shennong / Yan Emperor Lu
c. 2737–2699 BC
Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan
軒轅
c. 2699–2588 BC
Taihao Wanqiu
宛丘
Shaohao Qiongsang
窮桑
c. 2587–2491 BC
Gonggong
Zhuanxu Gaoyang
高陽
c. 2490 BC – 25th century BC
Diqiu
帝丘
c. 25th century BC – 2413 BC
Ku Diqiu
帝丘
c. 2412 BC – 24th century BC
Bo
c. 24th century BC – 2343 BC
Zhi Qinghua
清化
c. 2343–2333 BC
Yao Pingyang
平陽
c. 2333–2234 BC
Shun Puban
蒲坂
c. 2233–2184 BC
Xia dynasty Daxia
大夏
Gun
Song
Yangcheng
陽城
Yu[6]
Yangzhai
陽翟
Yu, Qi, Taikang
Chu
Hou Yi
Qiongshi
窮石
Hou Yi, Hanzhuo
Zhen
Taikang, Zhongkang
Diqiu
帝丘
Xiang, Shaokang
Yuan
Zhu
Laoqiu
老丘
Zhu to Jiong
Xihe
西河
Jin to Fa
Zhen
Jie
Henan
河南
Jie[7]
Shang dynasty Bo
Tang[7]
Fan
Xie
Dishi
砥石
Zhaoming
Shang
Zhaoming
Shangqiu
商邱
Xiangtu
Foot of Mount Tai
泰山麓
Xiangtu
Shangqiu
商邱
Xiangtu
Yin
Shanghou
Shangqiu
商邱
Yinhou
Bo
"西"亳
Tang
Xiao
Zhongding
Xiang
Hedanjia
Xing
Zuyi
Bi
Zuyi
Yan
Nangeng
Yin
Pangeng
Zhou dynasty Western Zhou Zongzhou
宗周
1046 BC – 771 BC Western capital
Chengzhou
成周
1039 BC – 771 BC Eastern capital(auxiliary capital)
Eastern Zhou Chengzhou
成周
770 BC – 367 BC
Henan
河南
367 BC – 256 BC capital of the Western Zhou State
Gong
367 BC – 249 BC capital of the Eastern Zhou State
Qin dynasty Xiquanqiu
西犬丘
Pingyang
平陽
– 677 BC
Yong
677 BC –
Jingyang
涇陽
– 383 BC
Yueyang
櫟陽
383 BC – 250 BC
Xianyang
咸陽
350 BC – 207 BC
Han dynasty Western Han Luoyang
雒陽
202 BC
Yueyang
櫟陽
202 BC – 200 BC
Chang'an
長安
200 BC – 8 BC
Xin dynasty Chang'an
常安
AD 8–23
Han dynasty Eastern Han Luoyang
雒陽
AD 25–190
Chang'an
長安
191–195
Xu
196–220
Three Kingdoms period Cao Wei Luoyang
洛陽
220–265
Shu Han Chengdu
成都
221–263
Eastern Wu Jianye
建業
227–279
Jin dynasty Western Jin Luoyang
洛陽
265–313
Chang'an
長安
313–316
Eastern Jin Jiankang
建康
317–420
Northern dynasties Northern Wei Pingcheng
平城
386–493
Luoyang
洛陽
493–534
Eastern Wei Ye
534–550
Western Wei Chang'an
長安
535–557
Northern Qi Ye
550–577
Northern Zhou Chang'an
長安
557–581
Southern dynasties Liu Song Jiankang
建康
420–479
Southern Qi Jiankang
建康
479–502
Liang dynasty Jiankang
建康
502–557
Chen dynasty Jiankang
建康
557–589
Sui dynasty Daxing
大興
581–618 auxiliary capital (605–618)
Dongdu
東都
605–618
Tang dynasty Chang'an
長安
618–690
Luoyang
洛陽
657–690 auxiliary capital
Wu Zhou Luoyang
洛陽
690–705
Tang dynasty
(restored)
Chang'an
長安
705–904
Luoyang
洛陽
705–736 auxiliary capital
Luoyang
洛陽
904–907
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period Later Liang Dongdu
東都
907–923
Later Tang Dongdu
東都
923–936
Later Jin Dongjing
東京
936–947
Later Han Dongjing
東京
947–950
Later Zhou Dongjing
東京
951–960
Song dynasty Northern Song Dongjing
東京
960–1127
Southern Song Nanjing
南京
1127–1129 After the fall of Dongjing, Zhao Gou declares himself emperor in Henan
Yangzhou
楊州
1129–1130 Flight of Emperor Gaozong during the Jin invasion of the Yangtze Delta in 1129–1130.
Zhenjiang
鎮江
Lin'an
臨安
Yuezhou
越州
Mingzhou
明州
Dinghai
定海
Off the coast Taizhou, Wenzhou
"海上朝廷"
Zhang'an
章安
Yuezhou
越州
Lin'an
臨安
1130–1276 Song court settles in Lin'an for 146 years
Fuzhou
福州
1276–1277 Flight of Emperor Duanzong along the southeast coast following the fall of Lin'an in 1276.
Guangzhou
廣州
1277–1278
Guanfuchang
官富場
1278
Gangzhou
碙州
Emperor Bingzong succeeds Duanzong on Lantau Island in modern Hong Kong
Yashan
涯山
1278–1279 Song court makes last stand off the coast of Yashan
Liao dynasty Shangjing
上京
907–1120
Nanjing
南京
1122–1123
Western Liao Emin
葉密立
1132–1134
Balasagun
虎思斡耳朵
1134–1218
Jin dynasty Shangjing
上京
1115–1153
Zhongdu
中都
1153–1214
Nanjing
南京
1214–1234
Western Xia Xingqing
興慶
1038–1227
Yuan dynasty Shangdu
上都
May 1264 – 1267
Dadu
大都
1267[8] – August 1368
Northern Yuan Shangdu
上都
August 1368 – 1369
Yingchang
應昌
1369–1370
Karakorum
哈拉和林
1371–1388
Ming dynasty Nanjing
南京
23 January 1368 – 2 February 1421
Beijing
北京
2 February 1421 – 25 April 1644
Southern Ming Nanjing
南京
1644 – 1645
Fuzhou
福州
1645 – 1646
Guangzhou
廣州
1646 – 1647
Zhaoqing
肇慶
1646 – 25 April 1662
Later Jin Fe Ala
費阿拉
1587–1603
Hetu Ala
赫圖阿拉
1603–1619
Jiefan
界凡
1619 – September 1620
Sarhu
薩爾滸
September 1620 – April 1621
Dongjing
東京
April 1621 – 11 April 1625
Shengjing
盛京
11 April 1625 – 1636
Qing dynasty Shengjing
盛京
1636 – 30 October 1644
Beijing
北京
30 October 1644[9] – 12 February 1912[10]
Republic of China Nanjing
南京
1 January 1912 – 2 April 1912 Provisional Government
Beijing
北京
2 April 1912 – 30 May 1928 Beiyang government[10]
Fengtian
奉天
30 May 1928 – 29 December 1928 Beiyang government
Guangzhou
廣州
1 July 1925 – 21 February 1927 Guangzhou Nationalist Government
Wuhan
武漢
21 February 1927 – 19 August 1927 Wuhan Nationalist Government[11]
Nanjing
南京
18 April 1927 – 20 November 1937 the Nanjing decade[10]
Luoyang
洛陽
29 Jan 1932 – 1 December 1932
Beijing
北平
9 September 1930 – 23 September 1930 Beiping Nationalist Government
Taiyuan
太原
23 September 1930 – 4 November 1930 Beiping Nationalist Government
Guangzhou
廣州
28 May 1931 – 22 December 1931 Guangzhou Nationalist Government
Chongqing
重慶
21 November 1937 – 5 May 1946 during the Second Sino-Japanese War[10]
Nanjing
南京
30 March 1940 – 10 August 1945 Wang Jingwei Government
Nanjing
南京
5 May 1946 – 1 May 1991 From 23 April 1949 to 1 May 1991, Nanjing was the claimed capital of the Republic of China
Guangzhou
廣州
23 April 1949 – 14 October 1949 during the Chinese Civil War
Chongqing
重慶
14 October 1949 – 30 November 1949 during the Chinese Civil War
Chengdu
成都
30 November 1949 – 27 December 1949 during the Chinese Civil War
Xichang
西昌
27 December 1949 – 27 March 1950 during the Chinese Civil War
Taipei
台北
10 December 1949 – Present Established as capital following the Republic of China retreat to Taiwan
Chinese Soviet Republic
People's Republic of China
Ruijin
瑞金
7 November 1931 – 10 October 1934 Establishments of the Chinese Soviet Republic
Bao'an
保安
July 1936 – January 1937 From 1934 to 1936, the Long March occurred.
Yan'an
延安
January 1937 – 22 September 1937 CSR dissolves in the midst of the formation of the Second United Front
Beijing
北京
1 October 1949 – Present

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "中国四大古都的前世之谜-深度阅读 -". www.silkroads.org.cn. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
  2. ^ Denis Twitchett, Herbert Franke, John K. Fairbank, in The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p 454.
  3. ^ Millward, J. A. (2013). New Qing imperial history the making of inner Asian empire at Qing Chengde. Taylor and Francis. http://suss.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=200446
  4. ^ Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5.
  5. ^ Ebrey, Patricia (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 220–224. ISBN 978-0-521-12433-1.
  6. ^ 李玉潔. [2003] (2003). 中國早期國家性質. 知書房出版集團. ISBN 986-7938-17-8, ISBN 978-986-7938-17-6.
  7. ^ a b Bamboo annals Xia chapter on Xia Jie under the name Gui (癸).
  8. ^ Kenneth Pletcher (2010) ”The History of China”, page 173 ISBN 1615301097
  9. ^ William T. Rowe (2009) ”China's Last Empire: The Great Qing”, page 19 ISBN 0674036123
  10. ^ a b c d Esherick, Joseph. [2000] (2000). Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2518-7.
  11. ^ Clark, Anne Biller. Clark, Anne Bolling. Klein, Donald. Klein, Donald Walker. [1971] (1971). Harvard Univ. Biographic Dictionary of Chinese communism. Original from the University of Michigan v.1. Digitized Dec 21, 2006. p 134.